Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than one would expect.
The country is looking for a new paradigm of development. A Confucian culture that stresses respect for ancestors and gendered family relationships continues to influence the way we live. There are signs of a secularist cultural trend emerging.
Origins
During prehistoric times, the ancestors of modern Koreans lived by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago they began to cultivate crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock, and also made furs. These tribes formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy business, making iron tools and bronze. They traded with other states and introduced Celadon, paper making, block printing art styles, and writing to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence on the southern part of the peninsula. 에볼루션사이트 embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture including Confucian philosophy. During this time, the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state with the monarch and top officials came from the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of the population were peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or to build fortifications.
By the end of this period, the state of Baekje was established by Onjo who was a prince of Goguryeo and the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest part of the peninsula, and was at war against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje incorporated aspects of Confucian beliefs into its official beliefs and made the male centered filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety fathers were accountable to their families and they must be revered and obeyed by all, including their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, who ruled from 918 to 1392 CE established the Hangul alphabet built on the patterns created by the mouth during pronunciation. This significantly improved communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. In addition, movable metal type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was recorded for the first time.
Evolution in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form of cist graves that were lined with stone, with precious items such as amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, constructed from huge single stones, are widespread throughout the country.
In the first part of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognisable political state. After that the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCfrom 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not believe to be a valid Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Among them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all however, its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE and left it with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla kingdom then emerged, and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territorial holdings. In the final phase, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era its development model appears to be in flux. The people who are awed by the huge costs of the old systems are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of labor, capital and markets for products. On the other hand the people who support the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments and by inflating fears about potential job loss.
Policy and academic analysts are sharply divided on the extent to which these two developments are driving Koreas shift towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article analyzes the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development: democratically illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies key elements that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that almost one third of respondents do not believe in the theory of evolution. Of those who voted, 41% stated that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory; 39% said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not comprehend it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier types of life.
In the past of the anti-evolution movements in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. An increase in the interest in creation science occurred in the year 1980, when there was an all-day seminar that was held during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which featured Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the main speakers. The event was attended by a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists.
The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 of 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely covered in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In CREATION, the organization reported on its own activities and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as some books on creationism that were already published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in universities and churches across the country.
One example of one KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so interested in creationism that they raised enough money and support to put up an on-campus museum with creationist fossil models and other exhibits.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in creation science. It has also hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches that hold seminars and present talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
Evolution in South Korea
In the latter half of the 19th century and into the early 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional Korean dress, the hanbok was replaced by miniskirts, and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance-dramas, were popular with the public. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums and various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the wake of the economic crisis. The primary challenge facing the new regime lies in the proper balance between the state-led economic policies and market-oriented ones. It also involves changing the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining policies that created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo, and other areas and also by a migrant from northern China. Baekje, an important regional power in the early 4th century, expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. The kingdom was in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries allowed powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He was the ruler of a large portion of the present-day Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. After Gungye was defeated by an influential local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as an heir state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This marked the conclusion of the Three Kingdoms period. The Korean peninsula was then ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula and in Manchuria.